The effects of piperine from Piper nigrum (black pepper) and Piper longum (long pepper) on CYP3A4, as well as its interactions with Curcuma longa (turmeric), are surveyed. (sassafras) and Areca catechu (areca or betel nut), and estragole from Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Pimpinella anisum (anise), Ocimum basilicum (basil), and Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon). The article discusses the toxic activation by CYP3A4 of unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids from plants such as Symphytum officinale (comfrey) and of alkylbenzenes such as safrole from Sassafras spp. John's wort) and Citrus decumana (grapefruit) on CYP3A4, and the potential influence of this effect on the metabolism of certain drugs. The article reviews the effect of Hypericum perforatum (St. While stressing potential drug-herb interactions, the article also reviews information about how CYP450 enzymes participate in activating (for better or for worse) botanical constituents, and suggests circumstances in which the individual expression of patients' CYP450 enzymes can influence the activity of botanical medicines affected by these enzymes. This article provides a review of the many facets of interactions between herbal constituents and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes.
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